China

Each paper sorted into one sub-area by an AI model reading its title and abstract, then credited as usual. On 200 hand-labelled papers it chose the same sub-area, or a defensible second, 92% of the time. Shown where the sub-area has at least 30 papers in the top 10% and the country at least five papers of credit.

1. 1stGuidance, control and trajectories (incl. interception)Hypersonic flight, 56 papers92.5%
2. 1stSAR ship detectionRadar, 141 papers90.0%
3. 1stSAR and ISAR target recognition and classificationRadar, 114 papers88.2%
4. 1stRotor dynamics, blade vibration and structural integrityAdvanced aircraft engines, 63 papers86.1%
5. 1stUnderwater acoustic target recognition (ship-radiated noise)Sonar and underwater acoustics, 72 papers85.2%
6. 1stCross-scene, few-shot and domain-adaptive classificationHyperspectral imaging, 78 papers83.9%
7. 1stActive cooling and fuel heat transferHypersonic flight, 46 papers83.7%
8. 1stAnomaly, target and change detectionHyperspectral imaging, 106 papers83.4%
9. 1stSuper-resolution and multispectral-hyperspectral fusionHyperspectral imaging, 108 papers83.0%
10. 1stRotating and oblique detonation enginesAdvanced aircraft engines, 62 papers82.1%
11. 1stUranium extraction from seawater and wastewaterNuclear fission power, 61 papers82.0%
12. 1stMulti-vehicle formation and cooperative controlAutonomous underwater vehicles, 62 papers81.7%
13. 1stPath planning and obstacle avoidanceAutonomous underwater vehicles, 61 papers81.2%
14. 1stSodium-ion and potassium-ion batteriesElectric batteries, 941 papers79.8%
15. 1stMultimodal fusion classification (with LiDAR, SAR)Hyperspectral imaging, 73 papers79.0%
16. 1stSonar image detection and classificationSonar and underwater acoustics, 80 papers78.2%
17. 1stZinc, magnesium and other aqueous or multivalent batteriesElectric batteries, 1,230 papers78.0%
18. 1stNitrate and nitrite reduction to ammoniaHydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 131 papers77.9%
19. 1stWireless charging and dockingAutonomous underwater vehicles, 31 papers77.6%
20. 1stLithium-sulfur batteriesElectric batteries, 538 papers77.5%
21. 1stCeramic-matrix and carbon/carbon compositesAdvanced composites, 109 papers77.3%
22. 1stThermal barrier and protective coatingsAdvanced aircraft engines, 34 papers77.1%
23. 1stLithium-ion anodes (graphite, silicon)Electric batteries, 567 papers76.9%
24. 1stSAR and ISAR imaging algorithmsRadar, 76 papers76.7%
25. 1stHybrid electrolysis (hydrazine or organic oxidation)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 127 papers75.9%
26. 1stOptoelectronic synapses and in-sensor computingAI chips, 104 papers75.8%
27. 1stTrajectory tracking and motion controlAutonomous underwater vehicles, 78 papers75.7%
28. 1stUnderwater acoustic communication (physical layer)Sonar and underwater acoustics, 44 papers74.2%
29. 1stUltra-high-temperature ceramics and thermal protection materialsHypersonic flight, 35 papers73.1%
30. 1stUltraviolet photodetectors (gallium oxide, AlGaN)Wide-bandgap semiconductors, 108 papers72.3%
31. 1stTarget detection, tracking and clutter suppressionRadar, 49 papers72.0%
32. 1stBifunctional catalysts for overall water splittingHydrogen by electrolysis, 187 papers71.6%
33. 1stGNSS/INS and multi-sensor integrated navigationSatellite navigation, 128 papers71.6%
34. 1stHyperspectral image classificationHyperspectral imaging, 279 papers71.3%
35. 1stSeawater electrolysisHydrogen by electrolysis, 112 papers70.1%
36. 1stMIMO radar waveforms, beamforming and direction findingRadar, 66 papers70.1%
37. 1stProgrammable metasurfaces for wireless and computingMetamaterials, 190 papers70.1%
38. 1stElectromagnetic wave absorbersMetamaterials, 249 papers69.3%
39. 1stGNSS/INS integration and filteringInertial navigation, 112 papers68.9%
40. 1stAcidic oxygen-evolution catalysts for PEM electrolysis (Ir, Ru)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 236 papers68.2%
41. 1stDefect and surface passivation (incl. 2D/3D heterojunctions)Perovskite solar cells, 306 papers67.9%
42. 1stLithium metal anodesElectric batteries, 340 papers67.3%
43. 1stHydrogen-evolution catalystsHydrogen by electrolysis, 180 papers67.1%
44. 1stLiquid electrolytes and interphasesElectric batteries, 533 papers67.0%
45. 1stThermal emission, radiative cooling and multispectral camouflageMetamaterials, 99 papers66.6%
46. 1stAcoustic and elastic metamaterialsMetamaterials, 276 papers66.4%
47. 1stGNSS remote sensing: atmosphere, reflectometry and geodesySatellite navigation, 108 papers66.0%
48. 1stIndoor and pedestrian positioningInertial navigation, 35 papers65.6%
49. 1stSensor calibration and error compensationInertial navigation, 32 papers65.6%
50. 1stElectron-transport layers and buried interfacesPerovskite solar cells, 168 papers65.1%
51. 1stStructured light and orbital angular momentumOptical communication, 57 papers64.7%
52. 1stPerovskite composition, film growth and crystallisationPerovskite solar cells, 246 papers64.3%
53. 1stSwarms and multi-drone cooperation, formation and task allocationDrones and swarming, 279 papers63.6%
54. 1stDrone-enabled edge computing and IoT data collectionDrones and swarming, 257 papers63.3%
55. 1stThermal hydraulics and boiling heat transferNuclear fission power, 78 papers63.3%
56. 1stLithium-ion cathode materialsElectric batteries, 418 papers63.0%
57. 1stTerpenoids and carotenoidsSynthetic biology, 65 papers63.0%
58. 1stPrecise point positioning and PPP-RTK servicesSatellite navigation, 86 papers62.9%
59. 1stFibre-matrix interfaces and surface treatmentAdvanced composites, 134 papers62.6%
60. 1stAlkaline oxygen-evolution catalysts (Ni, Co, Fe)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 180 papers62.2%
61. 1stFlexible, wearable, micro and structural supercapacitorsSupercapacitors, 313 papers62.0%
62. 1stHole-transport layers and self-assembled monolayersPerovskite solar cells, 278 papers61.8%
63. 1stImpact, crash and ballistic performanceAdvanced composites, 60 papers61.7%
64. 1stCRISPR-based diagnostics and biosensingGene editing, 114 papers61.6%
65. 1stLithium extraction from brines and ores (incl. direct extraction)Critical minerals processing, 135 papers61.3%
66. 1stPorous and biomass-derived carbon electrodesSupercapacitors, 481 papers61.1%
67. 1stAmino acids, bulk chemicals, biofuels and plastic upcyclingSynthetic biology, 98 papers60.6%
68. 1stUnderwater acoustic sensor networks: routing, MAC, localisationSonar and underwater acoustics, 68 papers60.5%
69. 1stScramjet and detonation engine combustionHypersonic flight, 116 papers60.3%
70. 1stElectrochemical nitrogen reduction to ammoniaHydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 68 papers60.3%
71. 1stHybrid and metal-ion capacitors (incl. zinc-ion)Supercapacitors, 208 papers60.2%
72. 1stSolid-state batteries and solid electrolytesElectric batteries, 940 papers59.7%
73. 1stBattery management, modelling, thermal and safetyElectric batteries, 1,288 papers59.5%
74. 1stIntegrated sensing and communication (dual-function radar)Radar, 55 papers58.8%
75. 1stSpectral unmixingHyperspectral imaging, 33 papers58.8%
76. 1stPlant natural products and other specialised metabolitesSynthetic biology, 91 papers58.8%
77. 1stCancer and tumour microenvironmentGenome sequencing, 96 papers58.7%
78. 1stTandem solar cells (perovskite-silicon, all-perovskite)Perovskite solar cells, 119 papers58.3%
79. 1stNd-Fe-B permanent magnetsMagnets and superconductors, 79 papers58.1%
80. 1stGyroscope and accelerometer hardware (MEMS, fibre-optic)Inertial navigation, 30 papers57.8%
81. 1stCeramic printingAdditive manufacturing, 140 papers57.6%
82. 1stIntegrated sensing and communication6G and advanced wireless, 257 papers56.9%
83. 1stLarge-area modules, flexible and indoor cellsPerovskite solar cells, 163 papers56.4%
84. 1stAmmonia combustion in engines and turbinesHydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 90 papers56.2%
85. 1stNavigation without GNSS (vision, LiDAR, UWB, DVL, geomagnetic)Inertial navigation, 58 papers55.6%
86. 1stBattery recycling and materials recoveryElectric batteries, 391 papers54.2%
87. 1stHybrid bonding, through-silicon vias and interconnect reliabilityAdvanced chip manufacturing, 72 papers53.6%
88. 1stFerroelectric memory and synaptic devicesAI chips, 49 papers53.5%
89. 1stPath planning, obstacle avoidance and exploration (single drone)Drones and swarming, 159 papers53.4%
90. 1stRedox flow batteriesElectric batteries, 92 papers52.9%
91. 1stOptical metasurfaces: lenses, holography and polarisationMetamaterials, 498 papers52.8%
92. 1stUnderwater and visible-light wireless communicationOptical communication, 54 papers52.8%
93. 1stPrecise orbits, clocks, biases and reference framesSatellite navigation, 61 papers52.6%
94. 1stMechanical metamaterials (auxetic, lattice, origami)Metamaterials, 464 papers52.6%
95. 1stSynaptic transistors (electrochemical, ionic, 2D, organic)AI chips, 61 papers52.3%
96. 1stNickel superalloysAdditive manufacturing, 232 papers52.2%
97. 1stMechanical properties, damage and failure modellingAdvanced composites, 200 papers51.4%
98. 1stDrone-assisted wireless communications and sensingDrones and swarming, 274 papers51.3%
99. 1stJamming, spoofing, integrity and authenticationSatellite navigation, 73 papers51.1%
100. 1stSteels, aluminium, high-entropy and other metal alloysAdditive manufacturing, 818 papers50.6%
101. 1stSmart contracts, security and privacy (incl. zero-knowledge)Distributed ledgers, 148 papers50.6%
102. 1stActinide separation and radionuclide captureNuclear fission power, 94 papers50.0%
103. 1stTitanium alloysAdditive manufacturing, 211 papers49.2%
104. 1stReservoir and physical computingAI chips, 30 papers49.2%
105. 1stAerothermodynamics, boundary layers and high-speed flowHypersonic flight, 75 papers49.1%
106. 1stMultimodal and vision-language modelsLarge language models, 283 papers49.0%
107. 1stFlight control, dynamics and airframe design (quadrotor, VTOL)Drones and swarming, 164 papers48.9%
108. 1stStructural health monitoring and non-destructive testingAdvanced composites, 78 papers48.8%
109. 1stResonant and chiral nanophotonics (bound states in the continuum)Metamaterials, 212 papers48.1%
110. 1stFibre-based quantum key distribution (twin-field, MDI)Quantum communication, 60 papers48.0%
111. 1stTactile sensing and electronic skinAdvanced robotics, 54 papers47.2%
112. 1stMetasurface antennas, beamforming and radar cross-sectionMetamaterials, 139 papers47.0%
113. 1stMetamaterial sensors (terahertz and optical)Metamaterials, 287 papers46.9%
114. 1stFuel cladding and accident-tolerant fuelsNuclear fission power, 66 papers46.8%
115. 1stPlasma-facing and structural materials (tungsten, irradiation)Nuclear fusion, 130 papers46.6%
116. 1stLithium-ion battery recyclingCritical minerals processing, 109 papers46.5%
117. 1stNon-terrestrial networks (satellite, aerial, space-air-ground)6G and advanced wireless, 136 papers45.6%
118. 1stVision-based navigation and learning-based agile flightDrones and swarming, 39 papers45.0%
119. 1stMolten-salt and liquid-metal coolants and corrosionNuclear fission power, 93 papers44.9%
120. 1stSilicon carbide power devices and processingWide-bandgap semiconductors, 65 papers44.7%
121. 1stMXene-based electrodesSupercapacitors, 326 papers44.3%
122. 1stEnvironmental, vegetation and geological applicationsHyperspectral imaging, 60 papers44.2%
123. 1stMemristors and resistive-switching synapsesAI chips, 178 papers43.6%
124. 1stMetal-organic and covalent-organic framework materialsSupercapacitors, 207 papers43.4%
125. 1stFibre transmission systems, signal processing and networksOptical communication, 75 papers43.4%
126. 1stGallium oxide transistors and power diodesWide-bandgap semiconductors, 144 papers43.1%
127. 1stMassive, cell-free and near-field MIMO6G and advanced wireless, 102 papers43.1%
128. 1stLEO-satellite navigation and signals of opportunitySatellite navigation, 44 papers43.0%
129. 1stHost organisms and chassis development (no single product)Synthetic biology, 89 papers42.9%
130. 1stRecycling and thermoplastic compositesAdvanced composites, 144 papers42.6%
131. 1stGenome engineering tools for microbes and plantsSynthetic biology, 42 papers42.3%
132. 1stStability, degradation and encapsulationPerovskite solar cells, 161 papers42.2%
133. 1stSuperconducting magnet engineering (coils, quench, mechanics)Magnets and superconductors, 100 papers42.1%
134. 1stReconfigurable intelligent surfaces6G and advanced wireless, 401 papers42.0%
135. 1stLithography (EUV, photoresists, light sources)Advanced chip manufacturing, 64 papers41.5%
136. 1stOne-carbon and CO2 feedstocks (incl. cyanobacteria)Synthetic biology, 41 papers41.4%
137. 1stSmall modular, micro and space reactorsNuclear fission power, 71 papers41.1%
138. 1stMetal sulfide, phosphide, nitride and other compound electrodesSupercapacitors, 286 papers40.6%
139. 1stMicrowave photonics and photonic computingOptical communication, 36 papers40.3%
140. 1stPower modules, packaging and thermal managementWide-bandgap semiconductors, 78 papers40.1%
141. 1stLattice structures, TPMS and design for additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing, 460 papers40.0%
142. 1stSoft robots and artificial musclesAdvanced robotics, 289 papers40.0%
143. 1stMetal hydrides and porous materials for solid-state storageHydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 379 papers39.7%
144. 1stModulators, photodetectors and transceiversOptical communication, 69 papers39.4%
145. 1stManufacturing and processing (curing, moulding, 3D printing)Advanced composites, 266 papers39.0%
146. 1stIntegrated lasers and optical amplifiersOptical communication, 48 papers38.9%
147. 1stConsensus, scalability, sharding and interoperabilityDistributed ledgers, 169 papers38.4%
148. 1stMetal oxide and hydroxide electrodesSupercapacitors, 500 papers38.3%
149. 1stSensors, instruments, missions and computational imagingHyperspectral imaging, 30 papers37.9%
150. 1stSilicon and silicon-nitride photonic platformsOptical communication, 146 papers37.2%
151. 1stAntimicrobial peptidesNew antibiotics and antivirals, 315 papers36.8%
152. 1stReactor physics, simulation, nuclear data and digital twinsNuclear fission power, 86 papers36.7%
153. 1stmRNA cancer vaccines and immunotherapymRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 80 papers36.5%
154. 1stBase editingGene editing, 67 papers36.3%
155. 1stCode generation and software engineeringLarge language models, 381 papers36.1%
156. 1stThermocatalytic ammonia synthesis (Haber-Bosch and successors)Hydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 31 papers35.8%
157. 1stRetrieval-augmented generation and knowledge graphsLarge language models, 339 papers35.7%
158. 1stPrecision fermentation and food ingredientsSynthetic biology, 34 papers35.5%
159. 1stLegged locomotion and humanoid robotsAdvanced robotics, 66 papers35.5%
160. 1stHomomorphic encryption and other lattice schemesPost-quantum cryptography, 32 papers35.2%
161. 1stCompute-in-memory and AI accelerator chipsAI chips, 114 papers35.2%
162. 1stContinuous-variable quantum key distributionQuantum communication, 44 papers35.0%
163. 1stSpiking neural networks and neuromorphic systemsAI chips, 66 papers35.0%
164. 1stDNA, RNA and protein design (incl. machine learning)Synthetic biology, 30 papers34.0%
165. 1stHigh-temperature superconductor tapes and bulksMagnets and superconductors, 59 papers33.4%
166. 1stDelivery, routing and logistics (incl. truck-drone)Drones and swarming, 57 papers33.2%
167. 1stUrban, smartphone and low-cost GNSS positioningSatellite navigation, 91 papers33.1%
168. 1stAI, semantic communication and network intelligence6G and advanced wireless, 142 papers33.1%
169. 1stFine-tuning, prompting and reasoning methodsLarge language models, 308 papers33.0%
170. 1stRare earth separation and recovery (incl. magnet recycling)Critical minerals processing, 81 papers32.7%
171. 1stGraphene and carbon-nanotube electrodesSupercapacitors, 141 papers32.2%
172. 1stMetal recovery from e-waste, tailings and industrial wasteCritical minerals processing, 61 papers32.0%
173. 1stChiplets, advanced packaging and heterogeneous integrationAdvanced chip manufacturing, 49 papers31.9%
174. 1stQuantum memoriesQuantum communication, 35 papers31.8%
175. 1stOptically pumped magnetometers and magnetoencephalographyQuantum sensors, 55 papers31.8%
176. 1stUnconventional superconductors (nickelates, kagome, cuprates)Magnets and superconductors, 64 papers31.8%
177. 1stRare-earth-free and other permanent magnets (incl. manufacturing)Magnets and superconductors, 54 papers31.5%
178. 1stConducting-polymer electrodesSupercapacitors, 139 papers31.3%
179. 1stMechanisms, electrolytes, modelling and general reviewsSupercapacitors, 232 papers30.7%
180. 1stQuantum network architecture, routing and protocolsQuantum communication, 89 papers30.5%
181. 1stLLM agents and tool useLarge language models, 179 papers30.5%
182. 1stCrystal growth, doping and defect physicsWide-bandgap semiconductors, 56 papers30.5%
183. 1stTerahertz and millimetre-wave communication6G and advanced wireless, 81 papers30.3%
184. 1stPlant, crop and agricultural genome editingGene editing, 212 papers29.6%
185. 1stSuperconducting cables, motors, MRI and power usesMagnets and superconductors, 42 papers29.6%
186. 1stMultiple access and waveforms (NOMA, OTFS, rate-splitting)6G and advanced wireless, 53 papers29.2%
187. 1stAI and computational drug discovery (incl. docking)New antibiotics and antivirals, 144 papers29.0%
188. 1stCivil applications (agriculture, search and rescue, disasters)Drones and swarming, 64 papers28.9%
189. 1stMotion planning and controlAdvanced robotics, 48 papers28.7%
190. 1stQKD security proofs, attacks and device-independent QKDQuantum communication, 48 papers28.5%
191. 1stHardware and software implementations (FPGA, NTT accelerators)Post-quantum cryptography, 85 papers28.2%
192. 1stSecurity, privacy, identification and safetyDrones and swarming, 67 papers28.2%
193. 1stNanoparticle drug delivery beyond mRNAmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 41 papers28.1%
194. 1stGallium nitride power transistors and devicesWide-bandgap semiconductors, 86 papers27.9%
195. 1stGallium nitride RF transistors and power amplifiersWide-bandgap semiconductors, 77 papers27.8%
196. 1stPhotonic quantum computingQuantum computing, 87 papers27.5%
197. 1stMetal printing process physics, defects and monitoringAdditive manufacturing, 506 papers27.3%
198. 1stAlternative antibacterials (nanomaterials, metals, phages)New antibiotics and antivirals, 45 papers27.3%
199. 1stModel architecture, pre-training and scalingLarge language models, 253 papers26.9%
200. 1stSuperconducting fusion magnetsNuclear fusion, 44 papers26.5%
201. 1stLead-free and inorganic perovskites (incl. device simulation)Perovskite solar cells, 240 papers26.2%
202. 1stVat photopolymerisation, direct ink writing and 4D printingAdditive manufacturing, 152 papers25.9%
203. 1stFederated and privacy-preserving intrusion detectionCybersecurity, 181 papers25.7%
204. 1stFree-space optical links (terrestrial, satellite, aerial)Optical communication, 147 papers25.6%
205. 1stGeneral reviews and regulationGene editing, 121 papers25.5%
206. 1stBlockchain with AI and federated learningDistributed ledgers, 115 papers25.0%
207. 1stSecurity, privacy and safety (incl. LLMs for cybersecurity)Large language models, 191 papers24.3%
208. 1stQuantum metrology theory and entanglement-enhanced sensingQuantum sensors, 63 papers24.3%
209. 1stBiomedical, dental, pharmaceutical and food printingAdditive manufacturing, 279 papers23.9%
210. 1stQuantum-safe authentication protocols (IoT, vehicles, health)Post-quantum cryptography, 60 papers23.4%
211. 1stGrasping and dexterous manipulationAdvanced robotics, 61 papers23.3%
212. 1stColour centres and spin defects for quantum technologyWide-bandgap semiconductors, 30 papers22.8%
213. 1stJob scheduling, energy efficiency and resource managementHigh-performance computing, 36 papers22.3%
214. 1stQuantum light sources and photonic chipsQuantum communication, 64 papers21.0%
215. 1stElectrolyser technologies and stacks (PEM, alkaline, solid oxide)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 75 papers20.6%
216. 1stEnergy trading, smart cities and agricultureDistributed ledgers, 203 papers20.1%
217. 1stResistance mechanisms, epidemiology and clinical treatmentNew antibiotics and antivirals, 83 papers20.0%
218. 1stRenewable-powered hydrogen systems and energy-system optimisationHydrogen by electrolysis, 136 papers19.7%
219. 1st6G visions, architectures, Open RAN and IoT surveys6G and advanced wireless, 128 papers19.4%
220. 1stVehicle and transport network securityCybersecurity, 155 papers19.4%
221. 1stIoT security, authentication and access controlDistributed ledgers, 230 papers18.6%
222. 1stZero trust, access control and security architectureCybersecurity, 83 papers18.2%
223. 1stSystems, economics and supply chainsHydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 39 papers17.9%
224. 1stMalware and software-vulnerability detectionCybersecurity, 418 papers17.6%
225. 1stSmart grid, industrial control and cyber-physical securityCybersecurity, 333 papers17.0%
226. 1stNetwork intrusion detection methods and datasetsCybersecurity, 757 papers15.9%
227. 1stSatellite and free-space quantum communicationQuantum communication, 34 papers15.4%
228. 1stPolymer extrusion printing and fibre-reinforced polymer compositesAdditive manufacturing, 629 papers15.3%
229. 1stGeneral reviews, industrial adoption and sustainabilityAdditive manufacturing, 476 papers15.3%
230. 1stCompressed, liquid and underground storage, tanks and pipelinesHydrogen storage and ammonia fuel, 130 papers14.1%
231. 1stNFTs, DeFi, tokens and the metaverseDistributed ledgers, 118 papers12.4%
232. 1stAdoption, management, governance and public sectorDistributed ledgers, 158 papers12.3%
233. 2ndPrime editingGene editing, 68 papers; behind United States 34.1%32.2%
234. 2ndNuclear fuel materials and performance modellingNuclear fission power, 74 papers; behind United States 32.0%30.2%
235. 2ndSARS-CoV-2 biology, variants and antibody escapeNew antibiotics and antivirals, 31 papers; behind United States 35.3%28.5%
236. 2ndSpatial transcriptomicsGenome sequencing, 84 papers; behind United States 40.7%28.1%
237. 2ndCOVID-19 antiviral drugs (protease and polymerase inhibitors)New antibiotics and antivirals, 84 papers; behind United States 30.3%27.6%
238. 2ndSingle-cell RNA-seq analysis methods and AI modelsGenome sequencing, 159 papers; behind United States 38.1%27.5%
239. 2ndPhotonic AI acceleratorsAI chips, 31 papers; behind United States 28.7%26.8%
240. 2ndEntanglement distribution, repeaters and network nodesQuantum communication, 75 papers; behind United States 27.8%26.7%
241. 2ndGenetic circuits and engineered mammalian cellsSynthetic biology, 49 papers; behind United States 34.6%26.2%
242. 2ndDiamond, aluminium nitride and other ultra-wide-bandgap materialsWide-bandgap semiconductors, 37 papers; behind United States 37.3%26.0%
243. 2ndAutomation, biofoundries, standards and metabolic modelsSynthetic biology, 48 papers; behind United States 25.2%24.7%
244. 2ndSupercomputer systems, processors, GPUs and interconnectsHigh-performance computing, 59 papers; behind United States 25.5%24.2%
245. 2ndTargeted delivery to organs and cellsmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 157 papers; behind United States 51.7%22.6%
246. 2ndDomain applications (medicine, science, finance, industry)Large language models, 687 papers; behind United States 24.0%22.5%
247. 2ndDelivery of gene editors (nanoparticles, viral vectors)Gene editing, 89 papers; behind United States 38.7%20.1%
248. 2ndNew CRISPR systems, RNA editing and epigenome editingGene editing, 160 papers; behind United States 51.6%18.8%
249. 2ndGenome assembly, short-read sequencing and bioinformaticsGenome sequencing, 75 papers; behind United States 25.4%18.7%
250. 2ndCell atlases of tissues, development and non-cancer diseaseGenome sequencing, 78 papers; behind United States 39.4%18.6%
251. 2ndSuperconducting qubitsQuantum computing, 233 papers; behind United States 49.9%18.3%
252. 2ndTherapeutic gene editing and gene therapyGene editing, 107 papers; behind United States 35.9%18.1%
253. 2ndSupply chains, geopolitics, demand and environmental impactsCritical minerals processing, 49 papers; behind United States 24.4%17.9%
254. 2ndEvaluation, benchmarks and hallucinationLarge language models, 473 papers; behind United States 22.5%16.8%
255. 2ndDiamond nitrogen-vacancy sensorsQuantum sensors, 97 papers; behind United States 24.4%16.7%
256. 2ndSpin defects in boron nitride, silicon carbide and other materialsQuantum sensors, 50 papers; behind United States 33.3%16.7%
257. 2ndCompact modelling and device simulation (incl. machine learning)Advanced chip manufacturing, 36 papers; behind India 36.3%16.7%
258. 2ndRobot foundation models and general-purpose robot learningAdvanced robotics, 30 papers; behind United States 27.1%16.6%
259. 2ndNew antibiotic classes and natural-product discoveryNew antibiotics and antivirals, 69 papers; behind United States 20.8%16.1%
260. 2ndPost-quantum blockchain and distributed ledgersPost-quantum cryptography, 53 papers; behind India 20.1%15.3%
261. 2ndOff-target effects, DNA repair and editing safetyGene editing, 91 papers; behind United States 44.5%15.2%
262. 2ndLipid nanoparticle chemistry, formulation and stabilitymRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 198 papers; behind United States 34.0%15.1%
263. 2ndTransistor architectures (FinFET, nanosheet, gate-all-around)Advanced chip manufacturing, 74 papers; behind India 50.9%14.8%
264. 2ndHealthcare and medical dataDistributed ledgers, 276 papers; behind India 25.4%14.8%
265. 2ndOther mRNA therapeutics and platform reviewsmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 112 papers; behind United States 25.7%14.0%
266. 2ndSupply chain and traceabilityDistributed ledgers, 269 papers; behind India 11.9%11.4%
267. 2ndQuantum algorithms and applications (incl. quantum machine learning, optimisation, chemistry)Quantum computing, 748 papers; behind United States 32.7%10.5%
268. 2ndChatGPT overviews, education and societal impactLarge language models, 298 papers; behind United States 18.1%9.9%
269. 2ndTechno-economics, hydrogen economy and policy reviewsHydrogen by electrolysis, 213 papers; behind Germany 8.2%8.0%
270. 2ndInertial confinement and laser fusionNuclear fusion, 78 papers; behind United States 75.1%6.8%
271. 3rdNuclear waste immobilisation and storageNuclear fission power, 37 papers; behind United States 29.2% and South Korea 15.5%14.5%
272. 3rdScientific simulation codes at scale (molecular, fluids, climate)High-performance computing, 52 papers; behind United States 37.7% and Germany 14.1%13.5%
273. 3rdPlasma control, data-driven and AI methodsNuclear fusion, 64 papers; behind United States 25.9% and United Kingdom 17.2%11.2%
274. 3rdIntrusion detection for IoT and industrial IoTCybersecurity, 708 papers; behind India 15.7% and Saudi Arabia 11.6%11.1%
275. 3rdHuman-robot interaction and collaborative robotsAdvanced robotics, 94 papers; behind Italy 28.8% and United States 12.8%10.4%
276. 3rdInstabilities, energetic particles and disruptionsNuclear fusion, 81 papers; behind United States 26.6% and Germany 14.5%10.1%
277. 3rdLong-read and nanopore sequencingGenome sequencing, 76 papers; behind United States 25.6% and Australia 11.6%8.2%
278. 3rdHeating, current drive and diagnosticsNuclear fusion, 76 papers; behind United States 23.0% and United Kingdom 11.5%7.9%