World Tech Rankings
US

United States

United States leads 8 of the 45 technologies outright and ranks no lower than 6th in the rest, by share of the 10% most cited papers, 2021–2025.

TechnologyRankIts neighbours in the rankingShare of the top 10%, from 2021 to 2025Its institution with the most credit
Quantum computing
1stof 71
42.5%28.1%
Google (United States)2.6% of the top 10%
Atomic clocks
1stof 27
32.9%39.9%
National Institute of Standards and Technology10.0% of the top 10%
Small satellites
1stof 47
10.8%9.2%
Florida International University1.5% of the top 10%
Nuclear fusion
1stof 50
25.4%24.2%
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory4.1% of the top 10%
Gene editing
1stof 77
37.7%24.7%
Harvard University1.4% of the top 10%
mRNA vaccines and therapeutics
1stof 70
42.5%31.6%
University of Pennsylvania5.9% of the top 10%
High-performance computing
1stof 45
47.1%22.4%
Argonne National Laboratory3.8% of the top 10%
Genome sequencing
1stof 59
41.1%26.4%
Harvard University1.9% of the top 10%
Quantum communication
2ndof 57
15.5%13.7%
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1.1% of the top 10%
Large language models
2ndof 96
17.8%15.4%
Microsoft (United States)0.7% of the top 10%
Advanced aircraft engines
2ndof 47
6.7%2.4%
Purdue University West Lafayette1.0% of the top 10%
Hypersonic flight
2ndof 28
12.2%9.5%
United States Air Force Research Laboratory0.6% of the top 10%
Drones and swarming
2ndof 81
6.4%5.4%
Massachusetts Institute of Technology0.3% of the top 10%
Autonomous underwater vehicles
2ndof 44
5.8%2.8%
University of Michigan0.3% of the top 10%
Electric batteries
2ndof 89
12.5%5.5%
Stanford University0.5% of the top 10%
Perovskite solar cells
2ndof 76
9.8%3.8%
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill1.1% of the top 10%
Wide-bandgap semiconductors
2ndof 56
19.6%13.7%
Virginia Tech2.2% of the top 10%
Additive manufacturing
2ndof 90
15.5%9.1%
University of North Texas0.4% of the top 10%
Critical minerals processing
2ndof 58
18.3%13.1%
Rice University0.9% of the top 10%
Quantum sensors
2ndof 48
22.0%17.7%
Purdue University West Lafayette1.7% of the top 10%
Space launch
2ndof 18
25.0%7.9%
Purdue University West Lafayette2.3% of the top 10%
Satellite navigation
2ndof 45
6.2%5.3%
The Ohio State University0.8% of the top 10%
Inertial navigation
2ndof 40
5.9%7.4%
University of California, Irvine1.3% of the top 10%
Radar
2–3tied, of 41
6.7%1.0%
The University of Texas at Dallas0.2% of the top 10%
Sonar and underwater acoustics
2ndof 37
6.1%1.1%
University of California San Diego0.4% of the top 10%
Hyperspectral imaging
2ndof 54
8.6%3.4%
Mississippi State University1.2% of the top 10%
Metamaterials
2ndof 73
14.3%5.1%
Harvard University0.7% of the top 10%
Magnets and superconductors
2ndof 58
20.7%8.6%
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1.6% of the top 10%
Nuclear fission power
2ndof 64
28.9%17.4%
Idaho National Laboratory4.1% of the top 10%
Synthetic biology
2ndof 55
24.6%11.3%
The University of Texas at Austin0.8% of the top 10%
New antibiotics and antivirals
2ndof 82
22.1%11.6%
University of Pennsylvania1.5% of the top 10%
Optical communication
2ndof 54
15.3%11.0%
University of California, Santa Barbara1.2% of the top 10%
Advanced robotics
2ndof 54
21.5%12.1%
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1.2% of the top 10%
Advanced composites
2ndof 68
8.4%3.6%
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory0.4% of the top 10%
Post-quantum cryptography
3rdof 59
9.4%9.7%
University of South Florida1.3% of the top 10%
Hydrogen by electrolysis
3rdof 83
4.7%4.3%
University of North Dakota0.3% of the top 10%
AI chips
3rdof 46
14.5%5.5%
Georgia Institute of Technology1.0% of the top 10%
Advanced chip manufacturing
3rdof 39
9.4%19.7%
Georgia Institute of Technology1.5% of the top 10%
Electronic warfare
2–3tied, of 231.7 papers of credit
3.6%0.5%
Wright State University0.6% of the top 10%
6G and advanced wireless
3rdof 80
5.8%4.8%
Arizona State University0.7% of the top 10%
Distributed ledgers
3rdof 103
6.5%7.2%
Stanford University0.2% of the top 10%
Directed energy
3–4tied, of 213.9 papers of credit
0.7%4.5%
Yale University1.4% of the top 10%
Cybersecurity
4thof 104
8.1%7.7%
Florida Atlantic University0.3% of the top 10%
Hydrogen storage and ammonia fuel
4thof 68
4.7%2.4%
Texas Tech University0.3% of the top 10%
Supercapacitors
6thof 86
3.8%2.2%
University of California, Los Angeles0.1% of the top 10%

Neighbours are the countries ranked just above and below. Ranks are shown as a range where shares are equal to one decimal place. Source: OpenAlex, pulled 18 October 2026. Method

Where United States is in the top three

Pilot

Each paper sorted into one sub-area by an AI model reading its title and abstract, then credited as usual. On 200 hand-labelled papers it chose the same sub-area, or a defensible second, 92% of the time. Shown where the sub-area has at least 30 papers in the top 10% and the country at least five papers of credit.

  1. 1stInertial confinement and laser fusionNuclear fusion, 78 papers75.1%
  2. 1stCRISPR screens and functional genomicsGene editing, 67 papers66.0%
  3. 1stNeutral-atom qubitsQuantum computing, 45 papers62.8%
  4. 1stOptical lattice and trapped-ion clock performanceAtomic clocks, 34 papers61.2%
  5. 1stImmune responses to mRNA vaccines and variant escapemRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 144 papers57.6%
  6. 1stProgramming models, performance portability and librariesHigh-performance computing, 58 papers52.1%
  7. 1stTargeted delivery to organs and cellsmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 157 papers51.7%
  8. 1stNew CRISPR systems, RNA editing and epigenome editingGene editing, 160 papers51.6%
  9. 1stSuperconducting qubitsQuantum computing, 233 papers49.9%
  10. 1stWorkflows, data management and AI-HPC convergenceHigh-performance computing, 40 papers49.8%
  11. 1stTrapped-ion qubitsQuantum computing, 66 papers47.6%
  12. 1stQuantum error correctionQuantum computing, 156 papers46.8%
  13. 1stCOVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in populationsmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 58 papers45.2%
  14. 1stOff-target effects, DNA repair and editing safetyGene editing, 91 papers44.5%
  15. 1stSpatial transcriptomicsGenome sequencing, 84 papers40.7%
  16. 1stVaccine safety (myocarditis, side effects)mRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 45 papers40.3%
  17. 1stQuantum software, compilers, control and benchmarkingQuantum computing, 181 papers39.7%
  18. 1stCell atlases of tissues, development and non-cancer diseaseGenome sequencing, 78 papers39.4%
  19. 1stStellaratorsNuclear fusion, 65 papers39.3%
  20. 1stDelivery of gene editors (nanoparticles, viral vectors)Gene editing, 89 papers38.7%
  21. 1stResponses in immunocompromised and special patient groupsmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 35 papers38.6%
  22. 1stSingle-cell RNA-seq analysis methods and AI modelsGenome sequencing, 159 papers38.1%
  23. 1stScientific simulation codes at scale (molecular, fluids, climate)High-performance computing, 52 papers37.7%
  24. 1stDiamond, aluminium nitride and other ultra-wide-bandgap materialsWide-bandgap semiconductors, 37 papers37.3%
  25. 1stTherapeutic gene editing and gene therapyGene editing, 107 papers35.9%
  26. 1stSARS-CoV-2 biology, variants and antibody escapeNew antibiotics and antivirals, 31 papers35.3%
  27. 1stGenetic circuits and engineered mammalian cellsSynthetic biology, 49 papers34.6%
  28. 1stPrime editingGene editing, 68 papers34.1%
  29. 1stLipid nanoparticle chemistry, formulation and stabilitymRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 198 papers34.0%
  30. 1stSpin defects in boron nitride, silicon carbide and other materialsQuantum sensors, 50 papers33.3%
  31. 1stQuantum algorithms and applications (incl. quantum machine learning, optimisation, chemistry)Quantum computing, 748 papers32.7%
  32. 1stNuclear fuel materials and performance modellingNuclear fission power, 74 papers32.0%
  33. 1stCOVID-19 antiviral drugs (protease and polymerase inhibitors)New antibiotics and antivirals, 84 papers30.3%
  34. 1stAtom interferometers, gravimeters and Rydberg-atom sensorsQuantum sensors, 34 papers29.4%
  35. 1stNuclear waste immobilisation and storageNuclear fission power, 37 papers29.2%
  36. 1stPhotonic AI acceleratorsAI chips, 31 papers28.7%
  37. 1stEntanglement distribution, repeaters and network nodesQuantum communication, 75 papers27.8%
  38. 1stRobot foundation models and general-purpose robot learningAdvanced robotics, 30 papers27.1%
  39. 1stInstabilities, energetic particles and disruptionsNuclear fusion, 81 papers26.6%
  40. 1stPlasma control, data-driven and AI methodsNuclear fusion, 64 papers25.9%
  41. 1stOther mRNA therapeutics and platform reviewsmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 112 papers25.7%
  42. 1stLong-read and nanopore sequencingGenome sequencing, 76 papers25.6%
  43. 1stSupercomputer systems, processors, GPUs and interconnectsHigh-performance computing, 59 papers25.5%
  44. 1stGenome assembly, short-read sequencing and bioinformaticsGenome sequencing, 75 papers25.4%
  45. 1stAutomation, biofoundries, standards and metabolic modelsSynthetic biology, 48 papers25.2%
  46. 1stNuclear energy policy, economics and climate roleNuclear fission power, 43 papers24.7%
  47. 1stSupply chains, geopolitics, demand and environmental impactsCritical minerals processing, 49 papers24.4%
  48. 1stDiamond nitrogen-vacancy sensorsQuantum sensors, 97 papers24.4%
  49. 1stDomain applications (medicine, science, finance, industry)Large language models, 687 papers24.0%
  50. 1stTokamak confinement, transport and turbulenceNuclear fusion, 116 papers23.5%
  51. 1stHeating, current drive and diagnosticsNuclear fusion, 76 papers23.0%
  52. 1stEvaluation, benchmarks and hallucinationLarge language models, 473 papers22.5%
  53. 1stDivertor, plasma-wall interaction and power exhaustNuclear fusion, 99 papers21.0%
  54. 1stNew antibiotic classes and natural-product discoveryNew antibiotics and antivirals, 69 papers20.8%
  55. 1stChatGPT overviews, education and societal impactLarge language models, 298 papers18.1%
  56. 1stThreat surveys, AI for security and organisational resilienceCybersecurity, 317 papers14.8%
  57. 2ndMolten-salt and liquid-metal coolants and corrosionNuclear fission power, 93 papers; behind China 44.9%35.3%
  58. 2ndReactor physics, simulation, nuclear data and digital twinsNuclear fission power, 86 papers; behind China 36.7%33.1%
  59. 2ndUnconventional superconductors (nickelates, kagome, cuprates)Magnets and superconductors, 64 papers; behind China 31.8%31.8%
  60. 2ndChiplets, advanced packaging and heterogeneous integrationAdvanced chip manufacturing, 49 papers; behind China 31.9%31.3%
  61. 2ndmRNA cancer vaccines and immunotherapymRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 80 papers; behind China 36.5%29.3%
  62. 2ndDNA, RNA and protein design (incl. machine learning)Synthetic biology, 30 papers; behind China 34.0%28.3%
  63. 2ndCompute-in-memory and AI accelerator chipsAI chips, 114 papers; behind China 35.2%27.1%
  64. 2ndGallium nitride power transistors and devicesWide-bandgap semiconductors, 86 papers; behind China 27.9%26.6%
  65. 2ndNanoparticle drug delivery beyond mRNAmRNA vaccines and therapeutics, 41 papers; behind China 28.1%26.5%
  66. 2ndGallium nitride RF transistors and power amplifiersWide-bandgap semiconductors, 77 papers; behind China 27.8%26.4%
  67. 2ndBase editingGene editing, 67 papers; behind China 36.3%26.1%
  68. 2ndSuperconducting fusion magnetsNuclear fusion, 44 papers; behind China 26.5%25.9%
  69. 2ndLEO-satellite navigation and signals of opportunitySatellite navigation, 44 papers; behind China 43.0%24.8%
  70. 2ndPower modules, packaging and thermal managementWide-bandgap semiconductors, 78 papers; behind China 40.1%24.4%
  71. 2ndMicrowave photonics and photonic computingOptical communication, 36 papers; behind China 40.3%23.4%
  72. 2ndModel architecture, pre-training and scalingLarge language models, 253 papers; behind China 26.9%23.2%
  73. 2ndMetal printing process physics, defects and monitoringAdditive manufacturing, 506 papers; behind China 27.3%23.2%
  74. 2ndSensors, instruments, missions and computational imagingHyperspectral imaging, 30 papers; behind China 37.9%22.8%
  75. 2ndCrystal growth, doping and defect physicsWide-bandgap semiconductors, 56 papers; behind China 30.5%22.5%
  76. 2ndLLM agents and tool useLarge language models, 179 papers; behind China 30.5%21.0%
  77. 2ndStability, degradation and encapsulationPerovskite solar cells, 161 papers; behind China 42.2%20.5%
  78. 2ndSoft robots and artificial musclesAdvanced robotics, 289 papers; behind China 40.0%20.5%
  79. 2ndRare-earth-free and other permanent magnets (incl. manufacturing)Magnets and superconductors, 54 papers; behind China 31.5%20.4%
  80. 2ndGallium oxide transistors and power diodesWide-bandgap semiconductors, 144 papers; behind China 43.1%19.7%
  81. 2ndGenome engineering tools for microbes and plantsSynthetic biology, 42 papers; behind China 42.3%19.7%
  82. 2ndFine-tuning, prompting and reasoning methodsLarge language models, 308 papers; behind China 33.0%19.6%
  83. 2ndIntegrated lasers and optical amplifiersOptical communication, 48 papers; behind China 38.9%19.5%
  84. 2ndAI and computational drug discovery (incl. docking)New antibiotics and antivirals, 144 papers; behind China 29.0%19.3%
  85. 2ndSecurity, privacy and safety (incl. LLMs for cybersecurity)Large language models, 191 papers; behind China 24.3%19.1%
  86. 2ndVat photopolymerisation, direct ink writing and 4D printingAdditive manufacturing, 152 papers; behind China 25.9%19.1%
  87. 2ndRare earth separation and recovery (incl. magnet recycling)Critical minerals processing, 81 papers; behind China 32.7%18.7%
  88. 2ndQuantum network architecture, routing and protocolsQuantum communication, 89 papers; behind China 30.5%18.5%
  89. 2ndPlant, crop and agricultural genome editingGene editing, 212 papers; behind China 29.6%18.4%
  90. 2ndCode generation and software engineeringLarge language models, 381 papers; behind China 36.1%18.2%
  91. 2ndReactor and device design, breeding blankets and economicsNuclear fusion, 96 papers; behind Italy 18.7%18.1%
  92. 2ndCancer and tumour microenvironmentGenome sequencing, 96 papers; behind China 58.7%18.0%
  93. 2ndSilicon and silicon-nitride photonic platformsOptical communication, 146 papers; behind China 37.2%18.0%
  94. 2ndSpiking neural networks and neuromorphic systemsAI chips, 66 papers; behind China 35.0%17.9%
  95. 2ndModulators, photodetectors and transceiversOptical communication, 69 papers; behind China 39.4%17.6%
  96. 2ndSpin and semiconductor qubitsQuantum computing, 128 papers; behind Netherlands 23.1%17.5%
  97. 2ndAerothermodynamics, boundary layers and high-speed flowHypersonic flight, 75 papers; behind China 49.1%17.4%
  98. 2ndLithography (EUV, photoresists, light sources)Advanced chip manufacturing, 64 papers; behind China 41.5%16.6%
  99. 2ndJob scheduling, energy efficiency and resource managementHigh-performance computing, 36 papers; behind China 22.3%16.6%
  100. 2ndDelivery, routing and logistics (incl. truck-drone)Drones and swarming, 57 papers; behind China 33.2%16.5%
  101. 2ndZero trust, access control and security architectureCybersecurity, 83 papers; behind China 18.2%16.3%
  102. 2ndNavigation without GNSS (vision, LiDAR, UWB, DVL, geomagnetic)Inertial navigation, 58 papers; behind China 55.6%16.2%
  103. 2ndSuperconducting magnet engineering (coils, quench, mechanics)Magnets and superconductors, 100 papers; behind China 42.1%16.2%
  104. 2ndHost organisms and chassis development (no single product)Synthetic biology, 89 papers; behind China 42.9%16.1%
  105. 2ndThermal hydraulics and boiling heat transferNuclear fission power, 78 papers; behind China 63.3%15.7%
  106. 2ndSmall modular, micro and space reactorsNuclear fission power, 71 papers; behind China 41.1%15.5%
  107. 2ndLithium extraction from brines and ores (incl. direct extraction)Critical minerals processing, 135 papers; behind China 61.3%15.1%
  108. 2ndFuel cladding and accident-tolerant fuelsNuclear fission power, 66 papers; behind China 46.8%15.0%
  109. 2ndPhotonic quantum computingQuantum computing, 87 papers; behind China 27.5%14.7%
  110. 2ndPlasma-facing and structural materials (tungsten, irradiation)Nuclear fusion, 130 papers; behind China 46.6%14.7%
  111. 2ndGeneral reviews and regulationGene editing, 121 papers; behind China 25.5%14.4%
  112. 2ndLithium metal anodesElectric batteries, 340 papers; behind China 67.3%14.3%
  113. 2ndQuantum metrology theory and entanglement-enhanced sensingQuantum sensors, 63 papers; behind China 24.3%14.2%
  114. 2ndHardware and software implementations (FPGA, NTT accelerators)Post-quantum cryptography, 85 papers; behind China 28.2%14.1%
  115. 2ndRetrieval-augmented generation and knowledge graphsLarge language models, 339 papers; behind China 35.7%14.0%
  116. 2ndSilicon carbide power devices and processingWide-bandgap semiconductors, 65 papers; behind China 44.7%13.9%
  117. 2ndCRISPR-based diagnostics and biosensingGene editing, 114 papers; behind China 61.6%13.8%
  118. 2ndGrasping and dexterous manipulationAdvanced robotics, 61 papers; behind China 23.3%13.8%
  119. 2ndOptical metasurfaces: lenses, holography and polarisationMetamaterials, 498 papers; behind China 52.8%13.3%
  120. 2ndLegged locomotion and humanoid robotsAdvanced robotics, 66 papers; behind China 35.5%13.3%
  121. 2ndSolid-state batteries and solid electrolytesElectric batteries, 940 papers; behind China 59.7%13.2%
  122. 2ndMotion planning and controlAdvanced robotics, 48 papers; behind China 28.7%13.1%
  123. 2ndVision-based navigation and learning-based agile flightDrones and swarming, 39 papers; behind China 45.0%12.8%
  124. 2nd6G visions, architectures, Open RAN and IoT surveys6G and advanced wireless, 128 papers; behind China 19.4%12.8%
  125. 2ndHuman-robot interaction and collaborative robotsAdvanced robotics, 94 papers; behind Italy 28.8%12.8%
  126. 2ndLiquid electrolytes and interphasesElectric batteries, 533 papers; behind China 67.0%12.6%
  127. 2ndSmart grid, industrial control and cyber-physical securityCybersecurity, 333 papers; behind China 17.0%12.2%
  128. 2ndRedox flow batteriesElectric batteries, 92 papers; behind China 52.9%12.0%
  129. 2ndLithium-ion cathode materialsElectric batteries, 418 papers; behind China 63.0%11.8%
  130. 2ndMechanical metamaterials (auxetic, lattice, origami)Metamaterials, 464 papers; behind China 52.6%11.8%
  131. 2ndResonant and chiral nanophotonics (bound states in the continuum)Metamaterials, 212 papers; behind China 48.1%11.6%
  132. 2ndStandardisation, migration and surveysPost-quantum cryptography, 48 papers; behind India 16.1%11.3%
  133. 2ndResistance mechanisms, epidemiology and clinical treatmentNew antibiotics and antivirals, 83 papers; behind China 20.0%11.3%
  134. 2ndActinide separation and radionuclide captureNuclear fission power, 94 papers; behind China 50.0%11.0%
  135. 2ndTerahertz and millimetre-wave communication6G and advanced wireless, 81 papers; behind China 30.3%11.0%
  136. 2ndAdoption, management, governance and public sectorDistributed ledgers, 158 papers; behind China 12.3%10.8%
  137. 2ndAmino acids, bulk chemicals, biofuels and plastic upcyclingSynthetic biology, 98 papers; behind China 60.6%10.1%
  138. 2ndMultimodal and vision-language modelsLarge language models, 283 papers; behind China 49.0%10.0%
  139. 2ndNFTs, DeFi, tokens and the metaverseDistributed ledgers, 118 papers; behind China 12.4%10.0%
  140. 2ndBattery recycling and materials recoveryElectric batteries, 391 papers; behind China 54.2%9.7%
  141. 2ndBlockchain with AI and federated learningDistributed ledgers, 115 papers; behind China 25.0%9.4%
  142. 2ndPolymer extrusion printing and fibre-reinforced polymer compositesAdditive manufacturing, 629 papers; behind China 15.3%9.2%
  143. 2ndThermal emission, radiative cooling and multispectral camouflageMetamaterials, 99 papers; behind China 66.6%9.1%
  144. 2ndManufacturing and processing (curing, moulding, 3D printing)Advanced composites, 266 papers; behind China 39.0%9.1%
  145. 2ndBiomedical, dental, pharmaceutical and food printingAdditive manufacturing, 279 papers; behind China 23.9%9.0%
  146. 2ndSteels, aluminium, high-entropy and other metal alloysAdditive manufacturing, 818 papers; behind China 50.6%8.8%
  147. 2ndJamming, spoofing, integrity and authenticationSatellite navigation, 73 papers; behind China 51.1%8.8%
  148. 2ndRecycling and thermoplastic compositesAdvanced composites, 144 papers; behind China 42.6%8.8%
  149. 2ndSecurity, privacy, identification and safetyDrones and swarming, 67 papers; behind China 28.2%8.4%
  150. 2ndNickel superalloysAdditive manufacturing, 232 papers; behind China 52.2%8.2%
  151. 2ndRotating and oblique detonation enginesAdvanced aircraft engines, 62 papers; behind China 82.1%8.1%
  152. 2ndTandem solar cells (perovskite-silicon, all-perovskite)Perovskite solar cells, 119 papers; behind China 58.3%8.0%
  153. 2ndAntimicrobial peptidesNew antibiotics and antivirals, 315 papers; behind China 36.8%7.7%
  154. 2ndGNSS remote sensing: atmosphere, reflectometry and geodesySatellite navigation, 108 papers; behind China 66.0%7.6%
  155. 2ndLattice structures, TPMS and design for additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing, 460 papers; behind China 40.0%7.5%
  156. 2ndCeramic printingAdditive manufacturing, 140 papers; behind China 57.6%7.1%
  157. 2ndPlant natural products and other specialised metabolitesSynthetic biology, 91 papers; behind China 58.8%7.0%
  158. 2ndAI, semantic communication and network intelligence6G and advanced wireless, 142 papers; behind China 33.1%7.0%
  159. 2ndLithium-ion battery recyclingCritical minerals processing, 109 papers; behind China 46.5%6.4%
  160. 2ndFree-space optical links (terrestrial, satellite, aerial)Optical communication, 147 papers; behind China 25.6%6.4%
  161. 2ndNon-terrestrial networks (satellite, aerial, space-air-ground)6G and advanced wireless, 136 papers; behind China 45.6%6.0%
  162. 2ndPath planning, obstacle avoidance and exploration (single drone)Drones and swarming, 159 papers; behind China 53.4%5.9%
  163. 2ndLarge-area modules, flexible and indoor cellsPerovskite solar cells, 163 papers; behind China 56.4%5.9%
  164. 2ndBattery management, modelling, thermal and safetyElectric batteries, 1,288 papers; behind China 59.5%5.8%
  165. 2ndDefect and surface passivation (incl. 2D/3D heterojunctions)Perovskite solar cells, 306 papers; behind China 67.9%5.7%
  166. 2ndLithium-ion anodes (graphite, silicon)Electric batteries, 567 papers; behind China 76.9%5.3%
  167. 2ndAcoustic and elastic metamaterialsMetamaterials, 276 papers; behind China 66.4%5.3%
  168. 2ndLithium-sulfur batteriesElectric batteries, 538 papers; behind China 77.5%5.1%
  169. 2ndSmart contracts, security and privacy (incl. zero-knowledge)Distributed ledgers, 148 papers; behind China 50.6%5.1%
  170. 2ndProgrammable metasurfaces for wireless and computingMetamaterials, 190 papers; behind China 70.1%4.8%
  171. 2ndCeramic-matrix and carbon/carbon compositesAdvanced composites, 109 papers; behind China 77.3%4.8%
  172. 2ndAnomaly, target and change detectionHyperspectral imaging, 106 papers; behind China 83.4%4.7%
  173. 2ndAcidic oxygen-evolution catalysts for PEM electrolysis (Ir, Ru)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 236 papers; behind China 68.2%4.4%
  174. 2ndHydrogen-evolution catalystsHydrogen by electrolysis, 180 papers; behind China 67.1%4.2%
  175. 2ndSodium-ion and potassium-ion batteriesElectric batteries, 941 papers; behind China 79.8%4.0%
  176. 2ndZinc, magnesium and other aqueous or multivalent batteriesElectric batteries, 1,230 papers; behind China 78.0%3.1%
  177. 3rdHigh-temperature superconductor tapes and bulksMagnets and superconductors, 59 papers; behind China 33.4% and United Kingdom 16.2%15.7%
  178. 3rdCompact modelling and device simulation (incl. machine learning)Advanced chip manufacturing, 36 papers; behind India 36.3% and China 16.7%15.0%
  179. 3rdGeneral reviews, industrial adoption and sustainabilityAdditive manufacturing, 476 papers; behind China 15.3% and India 14.7%12.7%
  180. 3rdQuantum light sources and photonic chipsQuantum communication, 64 papers; behind China 21.0% and Germany 16.1%12.4%
  181. 3rdAlternative antibacterials (nanomaterials, metals, phages)New antibiotics and antivirals, 45 papers; behind China 27.3% and Australia 12.4%12.3%
  182. 3rdPost-quantum blockchain and distributed ledgersPost-quantum cryptography, 53 papers; behind India 20.1% and China 15.3%12.0%
  183. 3rdOptically pumped magnetometers and magnetoencephalographyQuantum sensors, 55 papers; behind China 31.8% and United Kingdom 30.7%10.4%
  184. 3rdFibre transmission systems, signal processing and networksOptical communication, 75 papers; behind China 43.4% and United Kingdom 11.1%8.5%
  185. 3rdCivil applications (agriculture, search and rescue, disasters)Drones and swarming, 64 papers; behind China 28.9% and India 9.5%7.9%
  186. 3rdTechno-economics, hydrogen economy and policy reviewsHydrogen by electrolysis, 213 papers; behind Germany 8.2% and China 8.0%7.9%
  187. 3rdElectrolyser technologies and stacks (PEM, alkaline, solid oxide)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 75 papers; behind China 20.6% and Germany 7.8%7.2%
  188. 3rdTransistor architectures (FinFET, nanosheet, gate-all-around)Advanced chip manufacturing, 74 papers; behind India 50.9% and China 14.8%7.2%
  189. 3rdPerovskite composition, film growth and crystallisationPerovskite solar cells, 246 papers; behind China 64.3% and South Korea 7.5%5.9%
  190. 3rdEnergy trading, smart cities and agricultureDistributed ledgers, 203 papers; behind China 20.1% and India 12.6%5.6%
  191. 3rdIntegrated sensing and communication6G and advanced wireless, 257 papers; behind China 56.9% and United Kingdom 6.9%5.3%
  192. 3rdAlkaline oxygen-evolution catalysts (Ni, Co, Fe)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 180 papers; behind China 62.2% and South Korea 4.8%4.6%
  193. 3rdFibre-matrix interfaces and surface treatmentAdvanced composites, 134 papers; behind China 62.6% and India 6.5%4.6%
  194. 3rdFlexible, wearable, micro and structural supercapacitorsSupercapacitors, 313 papers; behind China 62.0% and South Korea 7.3%4.5%
  195. 3rdHole-transport layers and self-assembled monolayersPerovskite solar cells, 278 papers; behind China 61.8% and Hong Kong 6.9%4.3%
  196. 3rdHybrid electrolysis (hydrazine or organic oxidation)Hydrogen by electrolysis, 127 papers; behind China 75.9% and South Korea 5.6%4.3%
  197. 3rdSwarms and multi-drone cooperation, formation and task allocationDrones and swarming, 279 papers; behind China 63.6% and United Kingdom 4.2%4.0%
  198. 3rdDrone-assisted wireless communications and sensingDrones and swarming, 274 papers; behind China 51.3% and United Kingdom 6.4%4.0%
  199. 3rdElectron-transport layers and buried interfacesPerovskite solar cells, 168 papers; behind China 65.1% and South Korea 7.0%3.9%
  200. 3rdDrone-enabled edge computing and IoT data collectionDrones and swarming, 257 papers; behind China 63.3% and South Korea 5.3%3.5%